The material for semiconductors mainly has the resistance among the resistance of a conductor and a non-conductor. Changes in temperature or added “impurities” also affect the electrical resistance.

The material is known to have admixtures if some other components have been mixed to it. The complete combination labels the semi-conductors as diodes of type-n and type-t.

Diodes and transistors are produced of these 2 variants of semi-conductors. Mainly silicon is used to create semiconductors nowadays.

Semiconductor material is used to get diodes that serve for letting the stream of electrical current simply in one direction. There is a component of + (positive) construction, - (negative) construction and so-called pn-transfer appointed as barrier level in every diode. Diodes make electrical schemes changing among direct and alternating current. Only part of the processes or cycle is to be completed as diodes make current flow just in a single direction. A connection of this type is fixed as a rectifier.

LED (or light diodes) is a different variant of diodes. They are used in case it's necessary to produce light at low voltages and parallel get no warmth. Now specialists use LED light diodes as the light signaling the on mode of all kinds of electronic equipment.

Moore's law led to the popularization of thyristors industry. What is the main point to produce complex power semi-conductor devices at lower prices? Surely lithography. Speaking of optical lithography, it now gives way to the increase of alternate techniques as it has reached its physical limit. It is now quickly being substituted by more contemporary ultraviolet lithography and nano-imprint lithography. Since recently specialists also see x-ray lithography and electron beam lithography as good candidates.

In Russia voltage sensors were first created. Specialists apply those sensors to do various tasks anywhere. The sensors find their use in commercial, manufacture and daily constructions. The form and value of the sensor can vary from those small light detectors to multi-functional gadgets signaling on radiation motion.

It's by now no chance for the current sensors to function on their own. There are lots of ways for using power system controllers. They are useful to maintain system parameters like voltage, frequency, power flow, to control the state of circuit breakers in dependent station and the scheduled interchange of power with the several power systems. System signals and the actions against them are also in their constant control.

For the dispatchers to do these functions they have to get a full data of the whole power system delivered from the displays of PCs in different dependent stations. With the help of respective interfacing matrials the status of CB's, fuses holders, isolators and analog values such as MVAR, MW, Hz, Amps or others was found out in the RTU. The greatest success in export belongs to Russian Federation and China.